Final answer:
The idea of retirement first appears in postindustrial societies, where advancements in technology and control over the impact of the surroundings have allowed individuals to stop working.
Step-by-step explanation:
The idea of retirement first appears in postindustrial societies. According to sociologist Gerhard Lenski, societies are classified along a spectrum of their level of industrialization, from preindustrial to industrial to postindustrial. Preindustrial societies, such as hunter-gatherer and pastoral societies, did not have the concept of retirement since individuals were often dependent on their environment for survival and did not have control over their surroundings. It was only in postindustrial societies, with advancements in technology and the ability to control the impact of the surroundings, that the idea of retirement emerged.