Final answer:
The ideology of a class system typically holds that success and wealth result from personal talent and effort, which corresponds with the concept of a meritocracy. However, factors like social capital and family background also play critical roles in an individual's ability to achieve success. The correct option is d. personal talent and effort.
Step-by-step explanation:
The common ideology of a class system suggests that success and wealth are primarily the result of personal talent and effort. This belief aligns with the idea of a meritocracy, where individual achievements and capabilities play a significant role in determining one's social and economic position.
Unlike a caste system, a class system is more open, enabling individuals to move between different social strata based on their own choices and contributions to society.
For instance, in capitalist nations like the United States, a person's status in society is often seen to relate directly to their economic success, which is attributed to their own merits.
However, social factors such as family background, social capital, and access to education can significantly influence one's ability to succeed. It is widely recognized that not all success can be attributed to hard work alone; the circumstances under which one grows up can also have a profound impact on their economic outcomes. The correct option is d. personal talent and effort.