Final answer:
Low blood oxygen levels encourage the secretion of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys, which in turn stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, thus improving oxygen supply in the body.
Step-by-step explanation:
Low blood oxygen levels stimulate red blood cell production by increasing the formation and release of erythropoietin (EPO), a protein hormone secreted in response to low oxygen levels. When the kidneys detect a decrease in oxygen, they increase the secretion of EPO, which then triggers the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. This process is essential for maintaining adequate levels of hemoglobin to supply oxygen throughout the body.
Moving to higher altitudes with lower partial pressure of oxygen, starting an aerobic exercise program, or losing red blood cells due to bleeding or malnutrition all cause the body to compensate by upping the production of EPO. Conversely, renal failure, which results in diminished EPO production, is associated with anemia and can greatly impact the body's performance and oxygen supply.