Final answer:
Polysaccharides are formed by linking monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds, polypeptides are created by connecting amino acids via peptide bonds, and polynucleotides result from the linkage of nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds. Each of these macromolecules is synthesized through dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Formation of Polysaccharides, Polypeptides, and Polynucleotides
Polysaccharides, polypeptides, and polynucleotides (the RNA and DNA nucleic acids) are all polymers made up of repeating units that are linked together through the process of dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions. In the formation of polysaccharides, monosaccharides like glucose are connected in long chains by glycosidic bonds. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are common examples, where glucose units are linked in varying patterns resulting in different structures and functions.
Polypeptides are formed when amino acids link together through peptide bonds. This process is driven by the removal of a water molecule, with the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacting with the amino group of another to form a bond and release water.
The formation of polynucleotides involves the linking of nucleotides, which are the monomers of RNA and DNA. These nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of the sugar component of another, forming a backbone with pendant bases that encode genetic information.