Final answer:
Sampling error refers to a deviation from expected results due to a limited sample size and occurs due to natural variation or bias in the sample. Chance error, which is reduced by larger samples, and bias, mitigated by random sampling, are the two main types of errors related to sampling. The correct option is (b) Sampling error.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sampling error refers to a deviation from expected results due to a limited sample size. In the context of statistics and research methodology, sampling error occurs because a group of observations (the sample) does not perfectly represent the overall population from which it is drawn. Since sampling involves selecting a portion of the population, there is always a chance that the characteristics of the sample may vary from the broader population, leading to differences between the sample's outcomes and the true population values.
There are two main types of errors related to sampling: chance error and bias. Chance error happens due to natural variations within a sample; the smaller the sample size, the greater the potential for this type of error. Larger samples are more likely to accurately reflect the population, thus reducing chance error. Bias, on the other hand, stems from systematic issues in the sampling process, such as non-random sample selection, which can impact the validity of the study's conclusions.
To combat these errors, researchers must carefully design their studies. A proper approach includes the use of randomized sampling to mitigate bias, and the selection of a sufficiently large sample size to dampen the impact of chance errors. Moreover, considering parameters like the population standard deviation and employing statistical calculations such as the standard error and variance within samples, can provide researchers with a measure of confidence in their results, while also acknowledging the inherent variability in data.
Based on the context given, the correct option to describe a deviation from expected results due to a limited sample size is: (b) Sampling error.