Final answer:
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) predominantly occurs in prematurely born infants, specifically between 26 to 31 weeks of gestation. Insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant leads to difficulties in lung inflation and gas exchange, necessitating immediate treatment and various support measures to improve outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), specifically known as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), primarily affects a very specific population - infants born prematurely. This disorder is a direct consequence of an insufficient amount of pulmonary surfactant, which is critical in reducing surface tension in the alveoli and thus essential for proper lung function. Without adequate levels of surfactant, an infant's lungs struggle to inflate, leading to respiratory distress.
It's seen that up to 50 percent of infants born between 26 and 28 weeks, and fewer than 30 percent of those born between 30 and 31 weeks, develop RDS. The condition can lead to further complications, such as low oxygen levels in the blood, high carbon dioxide levels, and an elevated blood pH due to inadequate gas exchange. Immediate recognition and treatment are vital to prevent mortality and mitigate the risk of developing further debilitating conditions.
Thankfully, medical advances have enhanced the treatment effectiveness for RDS. This might include the administration of pulmonary surfactant therapy, which has been shown to reduce deaths due to RDS by 50 percent. Support in the form of mechanical ventilation, CPAP, corticosteroids, supplemental oxygen, and various supportive therapies may also be necessary until the infant's lungs are sufficiently developed.