Question

Cervical Extension Goni Landmarks:

Which of the following landmarks are used to measure cervical extension?

a) External occipital protuberance, C7 spinous process, and the horizontal axis of the goniometer.
b) Acromion process, sternoclavicular joint, and the vertical axis of the goniometer.
c) Greater trochanter, lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the fulcrum of the goniometer.
d) Patella, tibial tuberosity, and the stationary arm of the goniometer.

Answer 1

The landmarks used to measure cervical extension are the external occipital protuberance, the C7 spinous process, and the horizontal axis of the goniometer. The correct answer is option A.

Step-by-step explanation:

To measure cervical extension, specific anatomical landmarks are used. The correct landmarks for assessing this movement are the external occipital protuberance, the C7 spinous process, and the horizontal axis of the goniometer. Thus, the correct answer to which landmarks are used to measure cervical extension is:

a) External occipital protuberance, C7 spinous process, and the horizontal axis of the goniometer.

The external occipital protuberance is a prominent bump on the lower part of the skull which can be felt at the back of the head. The C7 spinous process, also known as the vertebra prominens, can be palpated at the base of the neck and is typically more prominent than other cervical spinous processes. These physical markers provide reference points for aligning the goniometer, a device used to measure the angle of joint motion, to accurately gauge the degree of cervical extension.

Answer 2

To measure cervical extension, the external occipital protuberance, C7 spinous process, and the horizontal axis of the goniometer are used as landmarks.The correct answer is option a.

Step-by-step explanation:

The landmarks used to measure cervical extension are the external occipital protuberance, the C7 spinous process, and the horizontal axis of the goniometer. Therefore, the correct answer to which landmarks are used to measure cervical extension is a) External occipital protuberance, C7 spinous process, and the horizontal axis of the goniometer. The cervical vertebrae, particularly the C1 and C2 vertebrae, known as the atlas and axis, have unique structures that support the skull and enable a high degree of mobility for various head movements including extension. The C7 vertebra, being the most prominent at the base of the neck, is easily palpable and serves as a key reference point for spine-related measurements.

The spinous process of C7 usually projects directly posteriorly. Unlike typical cervical vertebrae, the spinous process of C7 is not bifid. The funicular portion of the ligamentum nuchae attaches to the single posterior tip of the C7 spinous process.

Using a goniometer, first place the axis of the goniometer over the external auditory meatus. Align the stationary arm vertically or perpendicular to the floor. Align the moving arm to the base of the nose. Note this as 0°. Then ask the patient to flex and extend his/her neck and record readings of the goniometer at each extreme of the motion. The axis should remain at the external auditory meatus and the stationary arm vertical to the floor, but the moving arm should be realigned following the base of the nose