Final answer:
The correct adverse reaction to nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) is nausea and vomiting. Insomnia, muscle pain, and high blood pressure are not common side effects of this medication. Nitrofurantoin is an essential antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
An adverse reaction to nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) can include a variety of symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, fever, cramps, loss of appetite, fatigue, and bloating. These symptoms can be quite distressing and may persist for an extended period without appropriate treatment. As an antibiotic, nitrofurantoin is used to treat urinary tract infections and is considered essential medicine by the World Health Organization.
Regarding the options provided in your question, the correct answer related to the adverse effects of nitrofurantoin would be a. Nausea and vomiting. Insomnia, muscle pain, and high blood pressure are not typically associated with this medication.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is another antibiotic that is often recommended for treating some of the infections for which nitrofurantoin might also be used. Side effects such as darkening of urine upon standing, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, cardiovascular abnormalities, agitation, anxiety, sleep problems, abnormal heart rhythms, low blood pressure, and muscular problems can occur with medication use, though these may be related to medications other than nitrofurantoin.
Notably, severe side effects such as impaired heart function, testicular atrophy, and prostate enlargement can occur with certain medications, though such side effects are generally considered severe and irreversible.