Final answer:
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder causing red blood cells to change into a sickle shape due to abnormal hemoglobin S, which interferes with normal oxygen transport and causes blood flow blockages. These blockages result in severe health issues like pain, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction. Research into hemoglobin has led to treatment developments and a better understanding of the disease's prevalence in certain populations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that impacts the hemoglobin within red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen throughout the body, and its normal structure allows for the optimal function and flexibility of red blood cells. However, in sickle cell anemia, a mutation causes the production of an abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S, altering its structure. This results in red blood cells assuming a rigid, sickle or crescent shape, marked by a banana-like appearance in contrast to the typical disc-shaped with a central dimple. Due to their elongated and stiffened form, the sickled cells can become lodged in narrow capillaries, blocking blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, which can lead to severe pain, tissue damage, and other complications such as strokes and organ damage.
Although sickle cell anemia is the result of a small change in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin, its effects on an individual's health are profound and can be life-threatening. This disease is particularly prevalent among individuals of African descent and can manifest in a number of symptoms including breathlessness, dizziness, and headaches.