Final answer:
The correct answer is None of the above (option e).
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is None of the above (option e).
Option a is incorrect because employees are subject to the estimated tax payment provisions if they expect to owe at least $1,000 in taxes after subtracting withholdings and credits.
Option b is incorrect because the penalty imposed for underpayment is not deductible for income tax purposes.
Option c is incorrect because married taxpayers can make joint estimated tax payments even if they file separate income tax returns.
Option d is incorrect because quarterly payments are required for individuals whose estimated tax is expected to be $1,000 or more.