Final answer:
The action that does not typically require stockholder's approval is the declaration of cash dividends, as this decision is made by the board of directors.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the options provided, the one that typically does not require stockholder's approval is C. Declaration of cash dividend. Corporate actions such as a change of corporate name, mergers or consolidations, and significant investments of corporate funds outside the company's main purpose generally require approval by a company's shareholders. However, the declaration of cash dividends is usually a decision made by the company's board of directors. While shareholders ultimately receive the dividends, it is the directors who oversee the company's financial affairs and make determinations on dividend payouts based on profitability and the need for reinvestment in the company's growth.
Issuing stock is a way for a company to access financial capital for expansion without the obligation to repay the funds, unlike borrowing from banks or issuing bonds. However, this brings about the responsibility of the company towards the board of directors and the shareholders, who can influence major corporate decisions through their voting rights.