Final answer:
The power to deny preemptive rights to stockholders is a discretionary power. The Tenth Amendment grants states reserved powers, and the implied power of Congress includes the right to create a lower national court system. The correct option is D.
Step-by-step explanation:
The power to deny preemptive rights to stockholders is known as discretionary power. Preemptive rights allow existing shareholders to purchase additional shares before the company offers them to the public, to maintain their proportionate ownership in the company.
When a corporation's board decides to waive these rights, it exercises a discretionary power that it may hold under certain circumstances, which is typically explicitly provided for in the corporation's charter or bylaws, or set by applicable laws and regulations.
Regarding the powers exclusive to state governments according to the Tenth Amendment, these are referred to as reserved powers (Option C).
Among the examples provided, the implied power of Congress is a. the right to create a lower national court system. The power to regulate the sale of tobacco, increase taxes on a specific demographic, put the president on trial, and override a presidential veto are either specific powers granted to or restrictions imposed on Congress by the U.S. Constitution.