Final answer:
Criminal behavior variability is influenced by socioeconomic factors like income inequality, racism, and education, as well as individual differences in personality traits as per the Five Factor model. Studies indicate both genetic and environmental factors play roles in shaping these behaviors.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct option : a
The variability in criminal behavior can be explained by a range of factors including income inequality, lack of opportunity, racism, poverty, education quality, gang activity, and substance abuse. Individual differences in criminal behavior are substantial and can include age, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and education. Research in the field of personality utilizes the Five Factor model, which posits that the dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion can capture a person's stable patterns of thought and behavior. Studies have shown that these personality traits are influenced by genetics and remain relatively consistent over time.
Evidence also suggests that the social environment, such as the cultural ecology of a neighborhood, plays a significant role in influencing crime rates, as demonstrated by historical trends among immigrant groups. Moreover, the idea that environmental factors and maturation can affect the manifestation of personality, including temperament, further supports the view that both intrinsic and extrinsic elements contribute to the diversity of criminal behavior.