Final answer:
Regarding parenteral nutrition (PN)-associated metabolic bone disease: Cyclic PN does not reduce the risk of developing metabolic bone disease, excessive dietary protein may lead to a positive calcium balance, it is recommended that all patients on PN for longer than 1 year should undergo dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and adequate supplementation of calcium and phosphorus is not achieved with PN alone.
Step-by-step explanation:
Regarding parenteral nutrition (PN)-associated metabolic bone disease:
- Cyclic PN does not reduce the risk of developing metabolic bone disease. Metabolic bone disease can still develop in patients receiving cyclic PN. Therefore, caution should be exercised in monitoring and managing bone health in these patients.
- Excessive dietary protein may lead to a positive calcium balance. Some studies suggest that high protein intake can increase urinary calcium loss, potentially affecting bone health. However, it is important to note that protein intake alone is not the sole factor contributing to the development of metabolic bone disease.
- It is recommended that all patients on PN for longer than 1 year should undergo dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA is a non-invasive imaging technique used to assess bone mineral density. Regular monitoring is crucial to detect early signs of bone loss and guide appropriate interventions.
- Adequate supplementation of calcium and phosphorus is not achieved with PN alone. PN formulations typically do not provide sufficient amounts of calcium and phosphorus. Therefore, additional supplementation is required to meet the nutritional needs of patients receiving PN.