Final answer:
The correct option that includes four types of nephron destruction besides age is B) Glomerulonephritis, urinary obstruction, diabetes, drug toxicity. These encompass inflammatory diseases, physical blockages, the effects of chronic diseases like diabetes, and detrimental effects of certain medications.
Step-by-step explanation:
Types of Nephron Destruction
Apart from age, various factors can lead to the destruction of nephrons, which are the filtering units of the kidney. Among the options provided, B) Glomerulonephritis, urinary obstruction, diabetes, drug toxicity best describes acquired factors that contribute to nephron damage.
- Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, which can occur due to immune responses such as the post-infection inflammation from Streptococcus pyogenes.
- Urinary obstruction, which may result in hydronephrosis, is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys from blocked urine flow.
- Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease that arises from long-term damage to capillaries in the glomeruli due to diabetes mellitus.
- Drug toxicity can damage the renal tissue and hamper nephron function, potentially leading to renal failure.
These conditions significantly impair kidney function, potentially resulting in chronic kidney disease or acute renal failure. Proper management of these conditions is vital to prevent further damage to the nephrons.