Final answer:
The correct direct answer to the question is A) Opinions, which are not proof in an argument and need supporting evidence and logical reasoning to be considered valid.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct option : a.
An opinion is a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on certainty or proof. In the context of a logical argument, opinions do not constitute evidence; they must be supported by factual information and logical reasoning that can be independently verified. Fallacies of unwarranted assumption rely on beliefs that require further justification, undermining the strength of an argument. Similarly, fallacies of weak induction make use of evidence that is insufficient to establish firm conclusions.
Arguments in academic and intellectual spheres are expected to be constructed from strong bases, including observable facts and valid inferences. Assertions should be approachable through logical reasoning, similar to how a detective pieces together evidence at a crime scene to form a coherent narrative. Ultimately, robust arguments must distinguish between verifiable facts and unsubstantiated opinions to persuade effectively.