Final answer:
The three historical perspectives include the presentist approach focusing on contemporary relevance, the contextualist approach emphasizing historical context, and the hermeneutic approach which blends the other two perspectives.
Step-by-step explanation:
The three viewpoints under the historical perspective are the presentist approach, the contextualist approach, and the hermeneutic approach. A direct answer would be that these approaches are categorized by how they interpret philosophical texts and history at large.
The presentist approach examines philosophical texts for arguments relevant to contemporary concerns but can be criticized for anachronism and judging past philosophy by today's standards.
The contextualist approach grounds philosophical ideas within their historical and cultural contexts, which can lead to a deep understanding of historical moments but may overlook the lasting value of philosophy. The hermeneutic approach combines elements of both by seriously considering historical contexts while acknowledging that our current perspective influences our interpretation of history.