Final answer:
C bands are the type of chromosome bands that highlight centromeric heterochromatin, making it possible to identify centromeres under bright-field microscopy after chromosome staining.
Step-by-step explanation:
The types of bands on chromosomes that specifically highlight centromeric heterochromatin are C bands. Chromosome banding involves staining chromosomes with various dyes to visualize the distinct and reproducible banding patterns of each chromosome pair. A widely used staining technique is Giemsa staining, which results in numerous bands representing tightly coiled DNA and condensed proteins arrayed along all 23 chromosome pairs.
The C banding technique specifically stains the centromeric regions where the constitutive heterochromatin is located, making it possible for geneticists to identify the centromeres of each chromosome. The chromosomes, once stained, are examined under bright-field microscopy, and the banding patterns, along with chromosome size and centromere position, help in identifying and arranging them in a karyotype.