Final answer:
The process that equalizes the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes in both sexes is called X inactivation, which compensates for the difference in the number of X chromosomes between females and males.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of dosage compensation through which the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes is equalized in the two sexes is known as X inactivation. In human females, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated during embryonic development, which is visible in the nucleus as a Barr body. This process compensates for the excess genetic dose of the X chromosome that females have compared to males. The inactivation is random; either the maternally or paternally derived X chromosome is inactivated in each cell, and once it occurs, all cells derived from that cell will have the same inactive X chromosome. This ensures that females and males have a similar dosage of X chromosome gene products.