Final answer:
The idea of retirement first appears in industrial societies, as the economic surplus and specialized occupations in these societies made it possible for individuals to cease working and still be supported.
Step-by-step explanation:
The idea of retirement first appears in industrial societies. In earlier societies such as hunter-gatherer, pastoral, and horticultural, survival depended on the direct involvement of all community members in food production and other daily tasks, leaving little room for the concept of retirement as we know it. However, as societies moved through the Agricultural Revolution and into the industrial era, specialized occupations developed, and economies grew beyond subsistence living, allowing for the possibility of retirement. Hunter-gatherer societies were nomadic and depended heavily on the environment for their survival. With the advent of industrialization, technological advances led to more control over the environment, significant changes in social structures, and the creation of systems that could support individuals not engaged in work, including the elderly. The concept of retirement aligns with this transformation, as it relies on a stable economy and social structures that can support individuals who are no longer in the workforce. Considering this transition to industrial societies, where the labor of every individual was no longer imperative for the survival of their community, retirement could become a reality. This change reflects the development from a subsistence economy to one with enough surplus to support individuals without them needing to contribute to production.