Final answer:
Answer b, According to modernization theory, poverty in low-income countries is largely due to a lack of industrialization and can be overcome through economic growth, technological advancement, and industrial development.
Step-by-step explanation:
Modernization theory suggests that countries go through various stages of development and that economic growth, spurred by industrialization and technological advancement, can lead to structural changes that foster political representation and the establishment of democratic institutions. The argument is that low-income countries suffer from a lack of industrialization, and by embracing technological progress and industrial development, they can improve their economic standing globally. In essence, the modernization theory sees the potential for poor nations to become rich through the process of modernization, which involves adopting new cultural values and technological advancements that promote hard work and success.
Answer b. 'the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology.' is most aligned with the tenets of modernization theory as it emphasizes the role of technological and cultural factors in economic development and overcoming poverty.