Final answer:
Chance the Rapper is the artist who released the 'Coloring Book' mixtape in 2016, earning critical acclaim and a Grammy for Best Rap Album.
Step-by-step explanation:
The disciple of Kanye West who released the "Coloring Book" mixtape in 2016 is C) Chance the Rapper. Chance the Rapper, a Chicago-based artist, distinguished himself with his unique style and the success of his mixtape, which earned critical acclaim and multiple awards, including a Grammy for Best Rap Album.
Coloring Book featured a fusion of gospel, hip-hop, and R&B, and was notable for its streaming-only release, a first for a project of its kind at the time.