Final answer:
The earliest documents regarding Egyptian mathematics are the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and the Berlin Papyrus 6619, showcasing advanced algebra, geometry, and the usage of the Pythagorean theorem.
Step-by-step explanation:
The earliest documents regarding mathematics in ancient Egypt are the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and the Berlin Papyrus 6619. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, dating to around 1550 BCE, is an extensive document that demonstrates advanced mathematical understanding, including algebra and geometry, with problems that involve calculating volumes and slopes. The Berlin Papyrus 6619, dated between 1800 BCE and 1649 BCE, reveals that the Egyptians had the ability to solve quadratic equations and employ the Pythagorean theorem. Thus, the correct answer to the question is A) Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, as it is one of the well-known mathematical papyri from ancient Egypt, although it might not necessarily be the earliest.