Final answer:
The Hindu-Arabic numeral system was invented by Indian scholars during the Gupta period (Option b). It included the introduction of decimals, the number zero, and the use of negative numbers. This knowledge spread from India to the Arab world and then to Europe, fundamentally contributing to the Scientific Revolution.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Origin of the Hindu-Arabic Numeral System
The Hindu-Arabic numeral system that is used globally today originated in India during the first few centuries of the Common Era. Though often referred to as “Arabic” numerals due to their dissemination through Arab traders to Europe, these numerals are actually of Indian origin. It's noteworthy that in the Middle East, they are acknowledged as “Indian” numbers because the Arabs themselves acquired these numerals from Indian mathematicians.
During the Gupta period, which marked a golden age of Indian culture, science, and particularly mathematics, significant advancements were achieved. Indian mathematicians made substantial contributions, developing the use of decimals, and understanding the importance of the number zero. This included representing zero as a distinct numerical value and its practical applications in calculations. Negative numbers were utilized, and Indian scholars had insights into the Pythagorean theorem before its association with Pythagoras. Their high-degree calculations of π (pi), determination of the Earth's circumference, and the timing of lunar and solar eclipses were substantial for their time.
A critical figure was the astronomer Brahmagupta, active in the 7th century CE, who laid the foundations for multiplication and division involving negative numbers and zero. This academic heritage included the developments in Vedic culture, where mathematics had practical applications such as determining the sizes of altars and religious timings, reinforcing the connection between everyday life, religion, and scientific pursuit.
The transmission of this mathematical knowledge formed a significant part of the civilizational exchange. This scientific knowledge traveled from India to the Arabic world and then on to Europe, transforming and improving at each stage. The contributions of Indian scholars like Aryabhata in trigonometry and the advancements in algebra by Persian mathematicians were instrumental for the Scientific Revolution that followed in Europe. Therefore, the correct option regarding the creation of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system is option b) “Invented by Indian scholars.”