Final answer:
The correct answer is A) Photosphere, which is the visible layer of the sun and about 300 miles thick. It is the layer that becomes opaque, preventing us from seeing deeper into the Sun.
Step-by-step explanation:
The visible layer of the sun, derived from the Greek word for "light," is known as the photosphere. The photosphere is approximately 300 miles thick and marks the boundary past which we cannot see, as it is the layer where the Sun becomes opaque. The region above the photosphere is the chromosphere, which is visible during a solar eclipse as a narrow red strip. Despite its transparency to most visible radiation, it is difficult to observe under normal circumstances. The corona is the outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere, visible as a pearly white glow during a total solar eclipse. A solar flare, on the other hand, is a sudden eruption of energy from the Sun's surface, distinguished from the layers of the Sun's atmosphere.