Final answer:
The correct answer is option A) Nicodemus.
Step-by-step explanation:
The discourse between Jesus and a Pharisee that is detailed in the Book of John is with Nicodemus. Nicodemus comes to Jesus at night and has a significant conversation with him about spiritual rebirth and the kingdom of God. This encounter includes the famous verse John 3:16, which talks about God's love for the world and the promise of eternal life for believers.
The other individuals listed, Gamaliel, Caiaphas, and Annas, also interact with Jesus or the early Christian community, but their dialogues with Jesus are not found in the Book of John.