Final answer:
Functional job analysis (FJA) is a worker-oriented approach, focusing on the interactions of workers with their job environment, whereas the Job Element Method (JEM) is a task-oriented approach, detailing the specific tasks and elements of a job option (a).
Step-by-step explanation:
Functional job analysis (FJA) is an example of a worker-oriented approach, while the Job Element Method (JEM) is an example of a task-oriented approach. This means the correct answer is A) worker-oriented approach; task-oriented approach.
FJA focuses on what workers do in their jobs and the type of people who perform the job, assessing the tasks, duties, and responsibilities through the lens of the worker's interactions with data, people, and things. On the other hand, JEM is more focused on the specific tasks associated with a job and the basic elements an individual must fulfill to perform a job effectively.
Both approaches incorporate methods of observation, surveys, and interviews when gathering information, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the positions. Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology plays a key role in both job analysis methods to create job descriptions and specifications that subsequently align with the selection of employees.