Final answer:
The doctrine of first effective settlement emphasizes the importance of the initial group of settlers and asserts that the first settlement shapes the cultural landscape.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct options for the "doctrine of first effective settlement" are:
- a) It emphasizes the importance of the initial group of settlers.
- c) It asserts that the first effective settlement shapes the cultural landscape.
Option b is incorrect because the doctrine of first effective settlement recognizes the lasting impact of the initial group of settlers on the area. Option d is incorrect because the doctrine focuses on the importance of the first settlement and does not specifically highlight the role of later immigrant waves. The doctrine emphasizes that the first settlement plays a significant role in shaping the cultural landscape of a region.