Final answer:
The establishment of a merit-based civil service system has been the key factor in professionalizing the bureaucracy, moving away from patronage and political appointments to focus on qualifications and job performance.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct option : c
The professionalization of the bureaucracy was significantly impacted by the shift from a patronage system to a merit-based civil service system, as seen with the implementation of the Pendleton Act in 1883. This act established the Civil Service Commission and marked a move away from the spoils system, which allocated jobs based on political connections and loyalty. The merit-based system was designed to select, retain, and promote individuals based on their qualifications and the ability to perform the duties of the position, hence fostering an environment filled with dedicated experts.
While this system dramatically reduced corruption and encouraged bureaucratic independence and efficiency, it also led to instances where bureaucrats could become less responsive to political change and potentially pursue their own agendas that may not align with elected officials' intentions. The merit-based system aims to ensure that the most qualified individuals are hired for government positions based on their abilities and skills, rather than political patronage or spoils. This system helps to create a professional and competent bureaucracy that is less influenced by political affiliations and more focused on fulfilling its responsibilities effectively.