Question

What evidence refutes Erikson and Smith and Crawford? a) A study showing that adolescents always exhibit heightened emotionality

b) Research indicating that emotional states are universally stable across all age groups
c) A study demonstrating that all children experience identical emotional changes during adolescence d) A study that assessed the emotional states of American children between 9 and 15 years old on an hour by hour basis and found that the onset of adolescence was not associated with increased emotionality.

Answer 1

Evidence refuting Erikson and others regarding adolescent emotional changes is a study showing that adolescence onset isn't linked with increased emotionality.

Step-by-step explanation:

What evidence refutes Erikson and Smith and Crawford regarding emotional changes during adolescence? The answer is d) A study that assessed the emotional states of American children between 9 and 15 years old on an hour by hour basis and found that the onset of adolescence was not associated with increased emotionality. This study challenges the assumption that adolescence is universally marked by heightened emotional states. The findings suggest a more nuanced understanding of adolescent emotional development, refuting a one-size-fits-all model.

The evidence that refutes Erikson and Smith and Crawford is (d) a study that assessed the emotional states of American children between 9 and 15 years old on an hour by hour basis and found that the onset of adolescence was not associated with increased emotionality. This study contradicts the idea that all children experience identical emotional changes during adolescence, as suggested by Erikson and Smith and Crawford. It provides evidence that the onset of adolescence does not necessarily lead to increased emotionality in all children.