Final answer:
Low-level formatting, also known as physical formatting, is the process of preparing a disk for data storage by organizing its platters into a grid of cylinders, tracks, and sectors.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of dividing a disk into sectors that the disk controller can read and write, before a disk can store data, is known as c) low-level formatting and d) physical formatting. Partitioning a disk refers to the process of dividing a disk into sections that can each be managed separately. Swap space creation is a process related to memory management on a computer system, which enables the system to use disk storage as additional virtual memory when the physical memory (RAM) is fully utilized. Low-level formatting is also sometimes referred to as physical formatting, which is the process where the storage device is getting prepared at the factory level to organize the platters with a grid of cylinders, tracks, and sectors, which makes it ready for data storage..