Final answer:
The Giant Impact Hypothesis, which suggests that the Moon formed from material ejected during a collision between Earth and a Mars-sized body, is the model that best describes the Moon's formation and is related to the process of planetary differentiation within Earth.
Step-by-step explanation:
The current model that best describes the formation of the Moon is the Giant Impact Hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the Moon formed as a result of a collision between Earth and a Mars-sized body, around 4.5 billion years ago. This collision would have ejected material from the Earth's mantle and the impactor, which then coalesced to form the Moon. The planetary differentiation process is related to this hypothesis because it refers to the sorting of different materials within a planet due to their densities. As the Earth developed, its denser materials sank to form the core, while lighter materials formed the mantle and crust. This process is also crucial in understanding why the Moon is primarily made of material similar to the Earth's mantle.
Finding traces of the impact on Earth is challenging due to the geological activity that has remodeled the Earth's surface over billions of years, erasing evidence of such ancient events. Moreover, the high energy of the impact would have heated and possibly vaporized many of the involved materials, making it difficult to find direct evidence of the collision.