Final answer:
The properties of exoplanets include short orbital periods, twin stars, and the habitable zone, corresponding to answer C) in the question. Exoplanets in eccentric orbits spend more time farther from their star, in accordance with Kepler's second law. Discoveries by the Kepler telescope have expanded our understanding of planet types and frequencies in the galaxy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The general properties of things discovered in the study of exoplanets include short orbital periods, circumbinary orbits (planets orbiting around two stars), and planets located in the habitable zone (often called the Goldilocks zone). Therefore, the correct answer to the question is C) Short Orbital Periods, Twin Stars, Goldilocks Zone. Exoplanets in eccentric orbits often experience significant temperature changes, and according to Kepler's second law, planets spend more time farther away from the star than closer during their orbit. This is because the area swept out by the line connecting the planet and the star is constant over any given time period, so the planet moves faster when it is closer to the star and slower when it is further away, spending more time at greater distances.
As for the orbit of Halley's Comet with an eccentricity of 0.967, it is highly elongated and not circular. The comet covers more distance per day when near the Sun than at the edge of the solar system, moving faster when closer to the Sun due to the same application of Kepler's second law. Exoplanet discoveries, particularly those made by the Kepler telescope, have been numerous and have included a range of planet sizes, though with a bias towards larger planets and those with shorter orbital periods due to observational constraints.
Kepler's discoveries suggest that planets like Earth may be the most common type of planet. Challenges in detecting exoplanets such as orbital period limitations and planet size detection thresholds highlight the ongoing nature of space exploration and astrological research. Finally, Kepler's third law outlines the relationship between a planet's orbital period and its average distance from the Sun, specifically that the orbital period squared is proportional to the semi-major axis cubed.