Final answer:
Swap space can be allocated as a chunk of disk, separate from a file system, or into a file system. The correct answer is d) All of these, as systems can use any of these methods for the allocation of swap space.
Step-by-step explanation:
Swap space is a type of virtual memory that a computer system can use to increase the amount of working memory (RAM) available to applications and processes. It allows the system to use hard disk space to store portions of memory that are not actively being used. Regarding the question of how swap space is allocated, the answer is: d) All of these.
Swap space can be allocated in various ways:
- As a chunk of disk: This refers to allocating a dedicated partition of the hard drive exclusively for swap.
- Separate from a file system: Swap space can be a separate partition that doesn't house a file system.
- Into a file system: Swap space can also be a file within an existing file system, known as a swap file.
All these methods are used depending on the system configuration and requirements.