Final answer:
The correct process that involves B cells binding to, processing, and presenting an antigen on their surface, leading to their activation and differentiation into plasma cells or memory B cells, is known as Clonal Selection.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process that begins with B cells, binds to an antigen, processes it, puts it back onto the surface, and leads to activation is Clonal Selection (C). During this process, a B cell encounters its matching antigen and engulfs it via phagocytosis. The B cell then processes the antigen and presents fragments of it on its surface with MHC II molecules. This presentation of antigen-MHC II complex on the B cell surface is recognized by helper T cells, which in turn activate the B cell. The activated B cell can then differentiate into a plasma cell that secretes antibodies or into memory B cells that contribute to long-term immunity.