Final answer:
The main differences between excavation and survey in archaeology lie in their methodology: excavation is a careful, grid-based removal of soil to find artifacts, which are then recorded in situ, while survey is a broader, non-intrusive search for surface artifacts, often using technology, to aid in the decision to excavate.
Step-by-step explanation:
Excavation and survey are both critical methods by which archaeologists obtain artifacts and other information from past human societies. While they share a common goal, there are distinct differences between the two techniques. Excavation is more intrusive and involves the systematic removal of soil to uncover artifacts and ecofacts, which are then meticulously documented using a gridded catalog system. In contrast, a survey is a non-invasive method that includes walking across fields or employing technology such as drones or satellite imagery to identify potential archaeologically relevant locations. During surveys, artifacts found on the surface are often recorded with GPS coordinates, indicating fewer disturbances to the site.
Moreover, the grid system used during excavations enables archaeologists to maintain precise locations of the finds, which aids in further interpretative analysis. This meticulous process involves the use of tools like trowels and brushes and the collection of soil samples for additional studies. On the other hand, surveys typically involve a broader review of an area, sometimes leading to the decision to excavate if enough cultural materials are discovered. These differences highlight the complementary nature of the two approaches to uncovering and understanding human history.