Final answer:
Linguistic relativism is the idea that language influences thought and perception, primarily known through the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. This view suggests that our cognitive processes and worldview can be shaped by the language we speak. The theory also considers the opposite concept of linguistic universals, which finds common patterns across all languages.
Step-by-step explanation:
What is Linguistic Relativism?
Linguistic relativism is the concept that language influences thought and perception. This means that the way we view and understand the world can be shaped by the language we use. The idea was notably developed by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf in the early 20th century, known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis or linguistic relativity. It suggests that people experience the world through their language and understand their world through the culture embedded in their language. Whorf's studies involved languages like the Native American language of Hopi versus Standard Average European languages, observing how each influences thought patterns, such as the conception of time.
The hypothesis has evolved to consider broader cognitive patterns beyond specific vocabulary, including abstract ideas like spatial reasoning, where different languages employ different systems of orientation. While some cultures might use egocentric directions (left, right), others might use fixed cardinal directions (north, south). This aspect of linguistic relativity shows how language can frame our cognitive processes and perception of the environment.
However, the theory of linguistic relativism is balanced by the concept of linguistic universals, which postulates that despite linguistic variations, there are common patterns all human languages follow due to shared biological makeup. Investigating both perspectives allows researchers to understand how language interacts with the human mind.