Final answer:
In tribal- and clan-based societies, leadership is not automatically passed to the deputy upon the death or retirement of the leader. The statement in the question is false.
Step-by-step explanation:
In tribal- and clan-based societies, like that of the Arabs, leadership is typically not hereditary. This means that when the leader dies or retires, the deputy or chosen successor does not automatically become the Clan leader.
In the context of the question, the statement is false. The deputy becoming the Clan leader upon the leader's death or retirement is not a universal rule, but rather varies depending on the specific traditions and customs of each clan or tribe.
For example, in the case of Muhammad's leadership, there were disagreements about who should succeed him, with both Ali ibn Abi Talib and Abu Bakr vying for leadership. Ultimately, Abu Bakr, being an elder and popularly chosen, became the leader instead of Ali, despite Ali's claim of being chosen by Muhammad as his heir and successor.