Final answer:
The correct answer is C) Orographic precipitation, which is caused by moist air ascending over a mountain range, cooling, and condensing to result in precipitation on the windward side while creating arid conditions on the leeward side because of the rain shadow effect.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of precipitation that is associated with hills and mountains is called C) Orographic precipitation. This process occurs when moist air from the ocean rises up over a mountain range, leading to cooling and condensation of water vapor as the air ascends. On the windward side of the mountains, this condensing air results in precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. As the air continues over the peak and moves down to the leeward side of the range, it warms up and dries out, often creating a rain shadow effect where little precipitation falls, leading to more arid conditions in the region downwind of the range.
The precipitation shadow effect is evidenced around the world in various climates and is particularly notable where a considerable elevation change across a mountain range blocks moisture-bearing clouds from passing over. An excellent example of this is how the southern side of the Himalayas receives extensive rainfall due to monsoon rains, whereas the high mountains block these clouds from reaching regions like western China, resulting in a Type B climate and creating arid conditions.