Final answer:
Enculturation involves the process of learning cultural values and norms within a society, typically studied through Ethnography. Modernization theory explains nation evolution according to cultural values, while globalization challenges the traditional concept of culture tied to a specific location.
Step-by-step explanation:
Enculturation, or socialization into a particular society, involves the education that individuals receive to learn about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors by participating within their society. This process is vital for the perpetuation of a society as it helps to transmit the distinctive elements of a culture to new members. In terms of the multiple-choice question presented, the correct answer is that enculturation involves B) Ethnography, which is the systematic study of people and cultures from the point of view of the subjects themselves, rather than Urbanization, Isolationism, or Globalization.
Modernization theory (Answer A) explains the sociologist's view on how nations evolve with cultural values that promote hard work and success, while the belief that one's culture is inferior to another is called ethnocentrism (Answer A from section 3), not nationalism. Today, due to globalization, culture is more diffuse and widespread, challenging traditional anthropological concepts of culture being tethered to a specific location.