Final answer:
The Supreme Court struck down the special military commissions in cases like Hamdan v. Rumsfeld for not meeting legal protections, leading to changes in the treatment of detainees and the reaffirmation of their habeas corpus rights.
Step-by-step explanation:
The special military commissions created by President George W. Bush after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were struck down by the Supreme Court in several landmark cases. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, decided in 2006, ruled that the military commissions were illegal as they did not provide the protections required by the Geneva Conventions and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Further developments saw the Supreme Court uphold the right of detainees to challenge their detention through habeas corpus in Rasul v. Bush (2004). In response, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which was later partly declared unconstitutional in 2008, reinstating habeas corpus rights for enemy combatants.
The Bush Doctrine emerged following President Bush's declaration of war on terrorism, leading to a war in Afghanistan against the Taliban and the subsequent detainment of enemy combatants at Guantánamo Bay. These enemy combatants were denied the protections of prisoners of war, leading to legal challenges and Supreme Court rulings that shaped the legal landscape for foreign detainees and the application of constitutional rights.