Final answer:
The claim that increasing pump pressure reduces the discharge rate is false. Fluid dynamics principles, such as the Bernoulli principle and the continuity equation, show that increasing pressure actually increases velocity and discharge volume, assuming the hose and nozzle can handle the increased pressure.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that increasing the pump pressure above the rated nozzle tip pressure will decrease the solution volume discharge rate is false. According to fluid dynamics, specifically the Bernoulli principle and the continuity equation, the velocity of a fluid increases when the cross-sectional area it flows through decreases, which happens in the case of a nozzle. This is because the product of the cross-sectional area and the velocity must remain constant if the flow rate is steady and the fluid incompressible. The consequence of this acceleration of fluid is a decrease in pressure, also known as the Bernoulli effect. Hence, if one increases the pump pressure, while the pressure at the nozzle tip might exceed its rated value, the discharge volume should increase accordingly as long as the hose and nozzle can structurally withstand the increased pressure.
Regarding the information about water emerging from a hose nozzle, it's important to mention the Bernoulli effect: as the water speed up inside the nozzle, its pressure drops, but because of its kinetic energy, the water can still emerge against the opposing atmospheric pressure. This illustrates the conversion of pressure energy into kinetic energy, and vice versa, within the fluid motion.