Final answer:
Famine exposure during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of low birth weight, higher likelihood of cardiovascular issues, and impaired cognitive development except for an elevated risk of gestational diabetes, which is not typically associated with famine conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Famine exposure during pregnancy can lead to various adverse outcomes for both the mother and the offspring. Malnutrition and energy imbalance from the famine can result in a plethora of developmental issues for the fetus. With respect to this question, three of the options are associated with prenatal famine exposure: low birth weight, cardiovascular issues in offspring, and impaired cognitive development in children. These are supported by historical data that link famine conditions to long-term detrimental impacts, particularly on the fetal and infantile stages of human development.
However, elevated risk of gestational diabetes is not typically associated with famine conditions. While gestational diabetes is a concern during pregnancy, its occurrence is related to factors such as obesity, family history, and race/ethnicity, rather than famine or malnutrition; therefore, it is the correct answer as the exception.