Final answer:
Oligosaccharides in breast milk are essential for supporting the immune system of a newborn, as they foster healthy gut microbiota and are complemented by immunoglobulins that boost immune defenses.
Step-by-step explanation:
Oligosaccharides in breast milk play an important role in protecting the health of the infant. Their function is not connected to enhancing bone development or stimulating cognitive function, nor do they primarily act to regulate blood sugar levels. Instead, oligosaccharides are crucial for supporting the immune system of the newborn. These complex sugars serve as prebiotics in the infant's gut, fostering a healthy gut microbiota, which is essential for the development of the immune system. Breast milk, especially the colostrum produced in the first postpartum days, is rich in immunoglobulins that further boost the newborn's immune defenses. The immunological benefits provided by breastfeeding are aided by the actions of several hormones, including prolactin and oxytocin, which facilitate milk production and release.
The process of breastfeeding itself also has important health implications. Suckling induces oxytocin release, which stimulates myoepithelial cells to express milk from the mammary alveoli. The composition of breast milk changes from the beginning to the end of a feeding, providing the infant with both hydration from the foremilk and nutrients from the hindmilk. Additionally, the physical act of breastfeeding assists in the newborn's digestive development and helps expel meconium and clear bilirubin from the system.