Final answer:
The turbulent air penetration target speeds are not provided in the references, but examples from wind turbines and vehicular air drag suggest the importance of efficiency at certain speeds. A wind turbine's efficient range caps around 12 m/s, while cars are most fuel-efficient at 70-80 km/h due to air drag. High wind speeds, such as those in Boulder, affect structures but do not relate to penetration target speeds.
Step-by-step explanation:
The turbulent air penetration target speeds are not explicitly mentioned in the provided references. However, the given information indicates that aerodynamic efficiency is critical for various scenarios, such as the operation of wind turbines and vehicles overcoming air drag. For instance, the most fuel-efficient cruising speed for a car is about 70-80 km/h (45-50 mi/h), and this value was established partially in response to increased air drag at higher speeds. In the case of wind turbines, such as the one rated at 2 MW, the performance curve shows that the turbine reaches saturation around 12 m/s, which suggests this speed is an upper limit for its efficient operation before the output levels off.
In the scenario involving winds in Boulder, Colorado reaching 45.0 m/s, the Bernoulli effect can exert a significant force on structures due to high wind speeds, although this calculation is approximate due to the likely presence of turbulence.
In contrast, the information for the scenario involving the force due to the Bernoulli effect on a roof during high winds in Boulder does not directly relate to turbulent air penetration speeds, nor does the verification of laminar flow in an oil gusher. These examples are relevant to understanding air flow dynamics and turbulence but do not set target speeds for turbulent air penetration.