Final answer:
Pedigrees are created using electronic systems that analyze DNA and other molecular data to trace inheritance and determine relatedness, which is more efficient than traditional methods.
Step-by-step explanation:
Pedigrees, which are diagrams that trace the inheritance of traits in a family over several generations, are primarily done electronically. The correct answer to the question is d) Electronic systems. These electronic systems utilize computer programs that help determine genetic relationships by analyzing DNA sequencing data, and morphologic and molecular information, which are far more effective and advanced than traditional methods. Tools such as the Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) technique can be used not only to trace the pedigree of a disease but also to produce recombinants and detect extracellular genes, making the process of determining phylogeny and relatedness much more precise.