Final answer:
The correct option is b) Lack of education.
Malala's father believed that the root of all of Pakistan's problems was a lack of education, which contributes to a cycle of poverty and limits opportunities for the nation's youth.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban, Malala's father believed that the root of all of Pakistan's problems was b) Lack of education. He saw this as a critical issue, given that education is a key factor in personal and societal development. The lack of education leads to a cycle of poverty and underdevelopment.
With half the population consisting of young people, the dearth of educational opportunities contributes to the struggles faced by the nation. Furthermore, while religious schools like madrassas are prevalent, the education they provide does not sufficiently prepare students for the demands of the modern world. In addition, the persistent population growth exacerbates the strain on already insufficient educational resources. As a result, as of 2015, literacy rates in Pakistan reflected a stark divide between genders and demonstrated the need for improved educational systems.