Final answer:
The Counter-Reformation, specifically through the Council of Trent, reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs by clarifying doctrines and enacting reforms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The movement that reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs is known as the Counter-Reformation. This initiative, which involves the Catholic Church’s efforts to reform from within and to contest the spread of Protestantism, materialized with events including the Council of Trent. Convened by the Church, the Council of Trent was a series of meetings that spanned from 1545 to 1563 where Catholic doctrines were clarified and reforms were enacted. The Council of Trent rejected Lutheran ideas like justification by faith alone, and instead emphasized the importance of both faith and good works for salvation. It confirmed various Catholic doctrines, such as the existence of Purgatory, the efficacy of the seven sacraments, and the importance of religious art. Moreover, it affirmed the authority of scripture as interpreted by the Church alongside the Church’s traditions. Efforts to improve clergy education and to address corrupt practices, such as the sale of indulgences, were also part of the reforms pursued at the Council of Trent.