Final answer:
After Muhammad's death, the Islamic Faith split into two branches, Sunni and Shia, and continued to spread beyond the Middle East, leading to significant expansion and the creation of numerous caliphates.
Step-by-step explanation:
After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, the Islamic Faith split into two branches, Sunni and Shia. The Sunni believed that the leader of the Muslim community did not necessarily have to be a direct descendant of Muhammad, whereas Shia Muslims believed that leadership should reside in Muhammad's family, particularly through his son-in-law Ali. The Islamic ummah experienced immediate questions about leadership, but the resolve to maintain and expand the faith remained strong. Islam continued to spread far beyond the Middle East, through both conversion and military conquest, establishing vast territories and powerful caliphates.