Final answer:
Astronomy was the science that developed significantly during the period of renewed interest in scientific thought, known as the renaissance, with breakthroughs from figures like Copernicus.
Step-by-step explanation:
The science that developed during the time period in question, which saw significant contributions from Islamic, Indian, and Persian scholars, was astronomy. Throughout history, astronomy has been a field ripe with discovery and growth, particularly during the times where European culture experienced a renaissance in scientific thought. This was a period marked by the rediscovery of ancient texts and a renewed interest in the celestial realm, leading to breakthroughs such as those by Copernicus, which were instrumental in the birth of modern astronomy.